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LA FRANCO FACTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY (1939-1956)

Villaescusa

Ricardo González English version of the text appeared in Nonfiction.fr

Francisco Gracia Alonso, Archaeology during the early Franco (1939-1956) , Bellaterra, Barcelona, \u200b\u200b2009, 551 pages.

enormous work in a half thousand pages and small characters the author does a deep exercise of reflection on the conditions and historical circumstances of the legal and institutional framework of the official archeology of the first 17 years of Franco's dictatorship. The research falls into the stream of thought and civil action over the "recovery of historical memory" starring the grandchildren of the civil war (1936-1939) and the European historiographical trends that reflect on archaeological practice in Nazi Germany and the occupied territories in the period of World War II (1) .

Before the War: An Archaeology influenced by the German school

The main thesis the author succeeds in showing is that the theoretical and scientific practice of archaeological finds in Spain after the war will be the same the practice prior to 1936. An archeology indebted to the German school since the early twentieth century, embodied in a bourgeoisie formed mainly in that country, like the vast majority of the intellectuals of the so-called "generation 14 " (2) , a circumstance which would prove contrary to the position in favor of the allies of this group (3) . Despite the deep ideological differences, despite the conflict that broke the country, families, individuals and the central characters in this book (which could well be the documentary material of a historical novel or film), after the parenthesis of the book under review (1939-1956), academic continuity with the prewar period is the norm.

Falangist Bracket (1939-1956)

What was, then, this parentheses? In practice, very personal and authoritarian Falangist an archaeologist and Nazi affiliation, Julio Martinez Santa Olalla, son of a general friend of the leader, which will use the English postwar years of reconstruction and at all levels, during the joint war that takes place in the world war and immediately after the war, to rebuild the institutional and legal framework, the network of inspectors and resumption of archaeological excavations.

Himler

J. Martinez Santa Olalla with

To meet its goal of cutting institute an archeology Falangist to serve the regime, Julio Martinez Santa Olalla was mainly based on three pillars: first communion with the Nazi ideology that led to a personal relationship with Himmler, head of the SS and the S tudiengesellschaft Geistesurgeschichte für Deutsches Ahnenerbe eV (4) , known as Das Ahnenerbe , secondly, his personal position directly related to the Franco regime and, and, finally, the official position global conflict against the English, collaborators with the Axis powers at first and more "neutral" as the end of the war was leaning on the side of the Allies.

But

had three great enemies that would disrupt his claims: first he, his authoritarian and resented the academy managed to stand against the vast majority of academic archaeologists and secondly, the international situation after Yalta and the Cold War that made the Western powers to direct their gaze to a country not initially accepted in the United Nations within its pro-Axis fascist regime, a country containing the expansion Communist in the world, and, thirdly and lastly, the group of the academy, made essentially the same liberal tradition of German science itself Santa Olalla, not seen with good eyes and interventional maximalist vision of a bureaucratic state as claimed by Santa Olalla, in imitation of "ancestral heritage" .

Some formal reservations

The work is indispensable for understanding the origin of archeology practiced in Franco's Spain after the immediate post-war isolation, or even to the most recent. Appreciate a work of this size defect that is less formal. The author succeeds in giving us an absolutely convincing the ideological context and staff of actors, power struggles, the reasons for decisions between different racks of archeology responsible for Franco, thanks to the massive documentation consulted (bequests, correspondence, public records and personal ...) wide and correctly referenced in the chapter "Documentary Sources." We miss, however, a further reference in the text of all these documents you may have done more heavy reading it (perhaps the reason that led the author to choose the final edited form, but it could be solved with a appointment system at the end of each chapter) but avoid the feeling read a "story" without argumentation and critical apparatus to which we are accustomed. Moreover, devoid of it, and only with the help of the final list "Documentary Sources" grouped by chapter, it is impossible to attribute to one or other documents many of the statements, writings, letters or documents incorporated into the main text. Making it difficult, then, refer back to the originals in the case of a continuation of this research, which not only desirable but necessary. In the same order of observations, some of the huge subsidies listings agreed excavation could have been included as appendices at the end of the volume. However, everything would have been advisable to properly announce that Chapter 7 is the copying of an article by the same author appeared 6 years ago (5) . It is this chapter which makes it impossible to read with their own eyes the two volumes are indispensable on the other hand, on Ampurias Cemetery (6) .

archaeological historiography Franco

However, in the opinion of the writer of these lines, the greatest shortcoming of the book is largely a historiographical vision. The ideological context, the personal story and well defined institutional lap, but despite developed and demonstrated the continuity of F. Gracia, would have required the correlation of all with the historiography and literature production of the protagonists. It is likely that the author in Spain on this subject has preferred to leave to further study the consequences of the ideological literature or theoretical approaches of different authors, but it seems difficult to accept that they can not appreciate differences and nuances in the writing P. Gimpera Bosch, M. Almagro Basch and J. Martinez Santa Olalla (fruit in the same environment and education) attributable to the social, political biographies that passed. Nothing it is said, for example, of historicism which was then immersed archeology, intimately connected to current diffusionist of anthropology. Relationships that would perhaps more understandable that the only international support of the fascist Santa Olalla was that of Marxist V. Gordon Childe. Nor is it clear, although some day be worth a try, which could be understood with the help of historiographical analysis that the only vision of globalizing interpretation given so far, as was the Historicism, alternative practiced by the English school of archeology of the early twentieth century due to its elite filogermanismo intellectuals find their echoes in other holistic vision as were the performances of Gordon Childe and proposals concerning the relationship between technology and civilization, and especially his work on the Aryan (7) .

historiographic depth analysis of the production of archeology Franco probably show that the recurrent themes of Santa Olalla (the Visigoths Hispanics as evidence of the ancient relationship of Spain and Germany and the Germanic expansion outside its original geographical focus and Canarian Guanches as descendants of the Aryans of Atlantis disappeared) were shamelessly Das subordinate Ahneberbe, unlike the head archaeologist of B. Mussolini, Luigi Maria Ugolini, whose investigations sought to legitimize hegemony retrotraía Trans that the Roman imperial past. In that sense it is very clear that the role of SS archaeological institution was none other than to provide " performants outils au service d'une Idéologie very precise ... racial propaganda, exploitation Coloniale des pays conquered ... " (8) as not only is well illustrated in sympathy Santa Olalla dispensed by Himmler himself, but also in the unfortunate scene that the visit waiting the head of the SS in the excavations of the necropolis Visigothic Castiltierra (Segovia), archaeologists are racing to find farmers to show high or blond hic et nunc racial continuity of the Visigoths.

A necessary book

In any case, it is striking that the more national (ist) of the human sciences, the field of science and scientists, along with biology and biologists, most contributed to the legitimization and scientific research of the Third Reich that more regulation is required to practice by the State. It remains remarkable that both the legitimate government of the Second Republic and authorities in the conflict areas where archaeological heritage could be compromised and then Franco governments (at least lip service) shall apply with commitment and dedication to the protection of archaeological remains. Putting in evidence, for example, explicit recognition of archaeological activity in the Republic or Bosch Gimpera by Santa Olalla. Or, by implication, in the continuity of M. Almagro of activity initiated by Bosch in Ampurias before the race and his rise as a national benchmark abroad, which will be worth the chair of the University of Madrid.

Similarly, legal supplies, regulatory and institutional changes that begin to start early in the century (inventory, research, emergency operations, restoration, publication, dissemination ...) administrations of both sign are those who have remained in force in models of strong state intervention until the emergence in the last twenty years of neo-liberalism and so-called liberal archeology. The radical claims of Santa Eulalia on the ineffectiveness of unpublished excavation or without restoring the secured property, or the budgeting unnecessary if the excavation on archaeological activity did not arise and put the resulting publications in value, are now filled with a disturbing. Uncertainty that can only be understood in the context of "une science au service des masses, et contrôlée par fortemente subventionnée totalitaire l'État" (9) . Not for nothing Santa Olalla branded his opponents with contempt of the Academy of "liberal": the royal Marquis de Lozoya, the then Director of Fine Arts and head higher in the administrative ranks, Martin Almagro Basch originating from a wealthy family Aragon and liberalism of his former teacher confessed P. Bosch Gimpera positions will be making its way through the system was changing as international context.

archeology "That will be the weather in Spain during the economic boom and the liberal developmentalism Opus Dei? Another book by F. Grace or its students could answer the question. Not surprisingly, the resistance of archeology from the final moments of Franco and the first years of democracy reacted against an officer without archaeological resources and the accumulation of positive data solely from the excavation (on the most decadent of Hstoricismo German court) accepting the influences of neo-evolutionism leftist White Anglo-Saxon origin or JH Steward, accepting the tenets Environmentalists and moving the object of interest of the site, the site, information site off, and the consequent increased use of exploration as a source of knowledge in understanding the implementation of the companies in the physical environment.

is therefore a necessary book. Required for English archaeologists can thus know the birth of their discipline and its protagonists. Necessary for the citizen who, through the example of a science and administrative practice of this in jeopardy by the interference of the (10) , you can see how it came about "transition" through the cleaning of even the janitors of museums according to police reports detailing the ideological filias as union membership prior to the war.

Sometimes, the generation of grandchildren of the war we have tried to show the softer side and liberal of the Franco regime. This softer side is to be reborn with history projects where issues are channeled through projects like the magazine publishing revisionist Old Stories Iberia special place where the issues are already of interest to Santa Olalla. Books like this give the lie without dogmatism that friendly face.

(1) I. Bardies, JP Legendre, B. Schnitzler (Eds.), Archaeology in Alsace and Moselle to the time of annexation (1940-1944) Strasbourg-Metz, 2001; A. Schnapp, The destruction of Archaeology under the German Nazi regime, Twentieth Century. History Review, 2003 / 2, No. 78, p. 101-109; J. Chapoutot, National Socialism and Antiquity , Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 2008 (the CSRs véase A. Pedron in Nonfiction, Antiquity diverted )

(2) M. Menendez Alzamora, The Generation of 14. An intellectual adventure , 2006.
(3) M. Codera Fuentes, English intellectuals and the Great War: an exceptional case?, Storica. Rivista quadrimestrale , no. 46, 2010, pp. 54-57.

(4) Society for Research and Training in German Ancestral Heritage. "

(5) Archaeology of memory. Disciplinary battalions of soldiers, workers and army troops in the excavations of Ampurias (1940-1943), in C. Miller, M. And J. Hall Sobrequés, eds., A huge prison. The concentration camps and prisons during the Civil War and the Franco , Barcelona: Crítica, 2003, 37-59.
(6) M. Almagro Basch, Ampurias The necropolis, Barcelona, \u200b\u200b1953.

(7) The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins , 1926.
(8) A. Schnapp, L'autodestruction de l'archéologie ...
(9) A. Schnapp, L'autodestruction de l'archéologie ...
(10) As I write these lines is currently the exhumation the body of S. Bolívar.

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WHAT WAS ... THE LADY OF THE Boatella?

Josep Vicent Lerma

Levante-EMV, November 23, 2008

More than one and a half since the discovery of extensive media coverage during those early Ides of March of this Figure notable local ancient sculpture in the course of excavations conducted by the archaeologist private companies Herreros Tina in the tangle of old streets near the Central Market, released on time in these pages "is a statue of Roman imperial times and a meter high in the heart of Valencia (Levante-EMV 28/03/2007) and a neat photo essay of Josep Manel Vert at number 26 in the journal Valentia, little else has become known to the aptly titled "Lady of the Boatella" in honor of primordial Boaler or pasture for grazing herds of cattle, "bovata" and "bovatella" M. Sanchis Guarner dixit of the ancient city of Valencia, a place that held a vast necropolis between II and VII centuries of the Common Era and many years later, a populous suburb Islamic, mimicking the famous Iberian bust of Alcudia de Elche derisively dubbed the "Lady of Paterna, a helmeted warrior's head painted in green and manganese on a plate XIV century. Just as it has not leaked to the public from any academic progress then it is known in terms of new research on iconography as his final assignment of the seven Muses or any of the many female deities Latinas.

Except for the indicator species

slipped on April 11 following the foundation's blog Mare Nostrum "The History Museum of Valencia will host the new Roman sculpture" (sic) or the adjusted findings of Professor José Luis Jiménez in the sense that it would be really a representation of Fortune, he would hold his right flank in a missing rudder with which piloted the fate of men and would subject the left hand with the equally mythical lost cornucopia of the goat Amalthea, in its original context of a funerary monument (Levante-EMV, 05/04/1907) , collected in a thorough review of JR Segui. Deity to which one of the citizens "Valentini " Titus Rubrius Restitutus and expense devoted to an altar or pedestal to the late first century AD in the privileged forum demarcation of the colony.

In this vein, it is worth remembering that this unknown white marble effigy, whose leg extended right hand serves as a support while flexing Gently contrary, paradoxically beheaded by historical misfortunes, thanks to the good quality of her sophisticated dress styles, a sort of peplum "with Cingular on multiple vertical pleats tunic, and carved using a technique aimed at first similar to that of "wet wipes" over a hundred years after the pioneering discovery during construction of the road opening for Peace in 1899 with an interesting marble torso of an athlete, might be one of the best finds ever made Roman sculpture in the basement of our Mediterranean city.

excellence is precisely this somewhat higher than the general provincial lapidary workshop of our geographic area which has led us to investigate the extent of our abilities among potential models of this arcane Hellenistic inspiring lady valentina, which could be referred on the basis of the peculiar breasted their sleeves to the refined terse Fortuna-Tyche of the second century AD Archaeological Museum of Istanbul from the remote ad Hypium Prusias (Turkey).

Finally and as a corollary, not to get out of fashion, we also vows to the gods, in this case to their own fortune, for the Lady unearthed Boatella not end fast the eyes of the Valencian as the mosaic of the Seven Muses Pouaig de Montcada, wickedly withdrawn from public exhibition halls of the Museum of Fine Arts San Pio V "or perhaps turned into a recurring" remake "of hackneyed and artificial stone Augusto Caesaraugusta Forum speaker (Zaragoza) for the sake of new technologies, with touches of fairground attraction. A picturesque spot and another improper. Votum libens solvit .